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Between the 8th and 14th centuries, the Islamic world experienced a remarkable era of intellectual and cultural flourishing known as the Islamic Golden Age. During this period, scholars in the Islamic world made significant advancements in various fields, while much of Europe was experiencing the Early Middle Ages, often characterized by a comparative decline in scholarly activity. ​ Centers of Learning and Knowledge Preservation Institutions such as Baghdad's House of Wisdom became renowned centers for the collection, translation, and expansion of knowledge. Scholars translated works from Greek, Persian, and Indian sources into Arabic, preserving and enhancing classical knowledge. This extensive translation movement played a crucial role in safeguarding ancient texts that might have otherwise been lost. ​ Scientific and Technological Advancements Islamic scholars made groundbreaking contributions across numerous disciplines: ​ Mathematics: The development of algebra by...

Introduction In Toronto, winter often brings severe weather conditions, including heavy snowfall and extreme cold. These conditions can disrupt daily routines, particularly for students and staff of the Toronto District School Board (TDSB). Understanding how the TDSB manages snow days provides insight into the decision-making processes that prioritize safety and minimize educational disruptions. TDSB's Decision-Making Process for Snow Days The TDSB has established procedures to assess and respond to severe weather conditions. Early in the morning, a team comprising the Director, Associate Directors, transportation, and communications staff evaluates various factors, including current and forecasted weather conditions and road safety. This collaborative approach ensures that decisions are well-informed and prioritize the safety of students and staff. TDSB Communication of School Closures Once a decision is made, the TDSB communicates school closures through multiple channels to ensu...